Comparison between Internal and External Fragmentation

>link Internal and external fragmentation are concepts related to memory management in computer systems, particularly in the context of dynamic memory allocation. Here's a comparison between internal and external fragmentation: Definition: Internal Fragmentation: It occurs when memory is allocated to a process, but the allocated memory is not fully utilized. The unused memory exists within the allocated block. External Fragmentation: It occurs when free memory blocks are scattered throughout the system, making it challenging to allocate contiguous memory space to a process, even though the total free memory may be sufficient. Location: Internal Fragmentation: It happens within the allocated memory block for a specific process. External Fragmentation: It occurs outside the allocated memory blocks and refers to the gaps between them. Cause: Internal Fragmentation: It is typically caused by allocating fixed-size memory blocks, and the allocated block may be larger than the actual space required by the process. External Fragmentation: It arises due to the allocation and deallocation of memory over time, leaving gaps between allocated memory blocks. Visibility: Internal Fragmentation: It is visible only within the context of a specific process. External Fragmentation: It is a system-wide issue affecting the overall memory space and the ability to allocate contiguous memory blocks. Impact: Internal Fragmentation: It wastes memory resources within individual processes, reducing overall system efficiency. External Fragmentation: It can lead to inefficient memory utilization at the system level, causing difficulties in allocating memory for new processes. Resolution: Internal Fragmentation: It can be minimized by using memory allocation strategies that dynamically adjust the size of allocated blocks based on the actual memory requirements. External Fragmentation: It can be mitigated using techniques like compaction (rearranging allocated and free memory to create larger contiguous blocks) or using memory allocation algorithms that minimize fragmentation. Adaptability: Internal Fragmentation: It is more manageable within the scope of individual processes. External Fragmentation: It requires system-wide strategies to address and may involve more complex memory management techniques.